铜镜修复技艺流程规范与标准化研究——以故宫博物院院藏为例

摘要：

【目的】基于现行的文物保护国家标准、行业规范与修复实践案例，系统梳理铜镜不同时期修复的全流程技艺，对比前期信息采集、病害分析、清洗除锈、拼对粘接、补配做旧、封护保存等关键环节的技术要点与操作规范，明确铜镜保护修复标准化建设及优化方向。【方法】结合故宫博物院藏尚方镜的保护修复以及GB/T 44419—2024《馆藏文物保护技术基础术语》等标准，对铜镜常见病害类型、分级与诊断方法进行标准化解析，探讨不同病害对应的保护技术适配性。【结果】基于最小干预、可识别、可再处理、安全性等文物保护原则，构建以病害分析为基础的铜镜保护标准体系，为铜镜修复技艺的规范化、标准化与科学化提供理论与实践参考，助力青铜类文物保护质量的提升。【结论】在传统修复体系中积累形成的修复流程，借助国家标准和行业标准的科学性与规范化，使铜镜基于病害识别的保护修复流程得以标准化推广，能够有效提升铜镜修复的一致性、可追溯性与长期稳定性；但在氯离子检测、去除与验证全流程中，仍需更规范、更科 学的标准体系，后续应进一步完善相关配套标准。

Abstract:

[Objective] Based on the currently implemented national standards for cultural relics protection, industrial specifications and conservation practice cases, this paper systematically sorts out the entire technological procedures of bronze mirror conservation in different periods. It compares the technical essentials and operational specifications of key procedures including preliminary information collection, deterioration analysis, cleaning and rust removal, assembly and adhesion, supplementation and patination, as well as sealing protection and preservation, and clarifies the construction and optimization directions for the standardization of bronze mirror conservation. [Methods] Combined with the conservation practice of the Shangfang bronze mirror collected in the Palace Museum and national standards such as GB/T 44419—2024, Basic terminology for conservation technology of museum collections, this study conducts standardized analysis of common deterioration types, grading criteria, and diagnostic methods of bronze mirrors, and discusses the adaptability of corresponding conservation techniques to various deteriorations. [Results] In accordance with the cultural relics conservation principles of minimal intervention, identifiability, re-treatability and safety, a standards system for bronze mirror conservation based on deterioration analysis is established. The system provides theoretical and practical references for the regularization, standardization and scientization of bronze mirror conservation techniques, and facilitates the improvement of the conservation quality of bronze cultural relics. [Conclusion] It is verified that the conservation procedures accumulated and formed in the traditional restoration system, assisted by the scientization of national and industrial standards, enable the standardized popularization of deterioration-oriented bronze mirror conservation processes, which effectively improves the consistency, traceability and long-term stability of bronze mirror restoration. Nevertheless, a more standardized, systematic and scientific standards system is still required for the whole process of chloride ion detection, removal and verification, and relevant supporting systems need to be further perfected in subsequent research.

引用格式：宋建祥，吴娜. 铜镜修复技艺流程规范与标准化研究——以故宫博物院院藏为例[J]. 标准化学报，2026（9）：149-157.

基金项目：本文受2024年金属文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地开放课题“铜镜腐蚀劣化机理与修复研究 ”（课题编号：2024JSBH003）资助。

作者简介：宋建祥，硕士，副研究馆员，研究方向为金属文物保护修复。吴娜，通信作者，硕士，副研究馆员，研究方向为馆藏文物科学。